NCRT Class 7 Geography – Easy Notes

अध्याय 1: Environment (पर्यावरण)

• Environment (पर्यावरण) = जो भी हमें घेरता है → Natural + Human-made + Human
• Natural environment → Land (भूमि), Water (जल), Air (वायु), Plants (वनस्पति), Animals (जीव-जंतु)
• Human-made → Buildings, Roads, Parks, Monuments
• Human environment → Individuals, Families, Communities
• Trick: Environment = 3 parts → Natural + Human-made + Human

अध्याय 2: Inside Our Earth (पृथ्वी के अन्दर)

• Earth Layers → Crust (भूपर्पटी), Mantle (मैंटल), Core (केंद्रक)
• Crust = outer; Mantle = semi-molten; Core = very hot (Iron + Nickel)
• Rocks (शैल) → Igneous (आग्नेय, e.g. Basalt), Sedimentary (अवसादी, e.g. Sandstone), Metamorphic (रूपांतरित, e.g. Marble)
• Minerals → valuable substances in rocks (Coal, Petroleum, Gold)

अध्याय 3: Our Changing Earth (पृथ्वी की गतिशीलता)

• Endogenic forces (अन्तर्जात) → अंदरूनी शक्तियाँ: Earthquakes, Volcanoes
• Exogenic forces (बहिर्जात) → बाहरी प्रक्रियाएँ: Wind, Water, Ice (Erosion + Deposition)
• Landform development → Uplift (mountains), Erosion (valleys), Deposition (plains, deltas)
• Examples → River: V-shaped valley & Delta; Wind: Sand dunes; Glacier: U-shaped valley, Moraines

अध्याय 4: Air (वायुमंडल)

• Layers of Atmosphere → Troposphere (weather), Stratosphere (Ozone), Mesosphere, Thermosphere, Exosphere
• Weather vs Climate → Weather = short-term; Climate = long-term average
• Elements of Weather → Temperature, Pressure, Wind, Moisture
• Winds → Permanent (Trade, Westerlies, Polar), Seasonal (Monsoon), Local (Loo, Sea/Land breeze)

अध्याय 5: Water (जल)

• Hydrosphere = पृथ्वी पर उपलब्ध समस्त जल
• ~97% Ocean water (salty); ~3% Freshwater (glaciers, groundwater, rivers)
• Ocean Movements → Waves (लहरें), Tides (ज्वार-भाटा: Moon + Sun), Ocean Currents (गरम/ठंडे)

अध्याय 6: Natural Vegetation & Wildlife (प्राकृतिक वनस्पति एवं वन्यजीव)

• Key factors → Temperature + Rainfall + Soil
• World Vegetation Types → Tropical Evergreen (Rainforest), Tropical Deciduous (Monsoon), Temperate Evergreen, Temperate Deciduous, Mediterranean (olive/citrus), Coniferous (Taiga), Grasslands (Prairies/Steppes/Pampas/Velds), Desert, Tundra
• Conservation → National Parks, Sanctuaries, Biosphere Reserves

अध्याय 7: Human Environment – Settlement, Transport & Communication

• Settlements → Permanent (villages, towns, cities) & Temporary (nomads, herders)
• Transport → Land (Roads, Railways), Water (Inland/Sea), Air, Pipelines
• Communication → Traditional (letters), Modern (Telephone, TV, Internet, Satellites)

अध्याय 8: Human–Environment Interactions – Tropical & Subtropical Region

• Amazon Basin (South America) → Brazil के आसपास; Hot & Wet climate
• Forest → Evergreen Rainforest, बहुत घना; विविध वन्यजीव (Jaguar, Anaconda, Monkeys)
• People → Tribal groups (e.g., Yanomami); shifting cultivation, hunting, fishing
• Rivers → Amazon tributaries; बाढ़/जलभराव सामान्य

अध्याय 9: Life in the Temperate Grasslands

• Prairies (North America) → समशीतोष्ण घासभूमि; Wheat belt, Dairy farming; बड़े खेत (mechanised agriculture)
• Velds (South Africa) → Sheep rearing, Cattle; Mining (Gold, Diamond)
• Compare: Prairies = agriculture heavy; Velds = livestock + mining

अध्याय 10: Life in the Deserts

• Hot Desert: Sahara (Africa) → Very dry, scanty rainfall; Vegetation: Cactus; People: Bedouins/Tuaregs (nomads); Transport: Camels
• Cold Desert: Ladakh (India) → Very cold, high altitude; Animals: Yak, Sheep, Goats; Culture: Monasteries; Crops: Barley, peas (short summer)
• Core idea: Human life adapts to harsh climate with clothing, diet, housing & occupations